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Chronology of Egypt Events
From 3100 BC To 641 AD
Pharaonic Period
BC
c3100 The pharaoh 'Menes' becomes the first ruler of a unified country
c2800The first stage of Stonehenge built in present day England. The horse is domesticated in Asia.
c2750 First recorded exploration expedition from Egypt.
c2600The wheel comes into use in the Indus Valley.
c2650 The Step Pyramid, first monumental building in stone, constructed for King Zoser at Saqqara
c2680 to 2258 Old Kingdom - theocracy develops - Pyramid Builders.
Pyramids of Khufu, Khafre, and Mankaure built at Giza. The sphinx is sculpted from rock. Astronomers create a solar calendar based on 365 Days.
Powerful and wealthy individuals have mastaba tombs.
c2500Polynesians begin migrating through the South Pacific.
c2400 Date of earliest papyrus scroll with writing.
c2200Cultivation of grain and livestock in Europe.
c2160 Climatic conditions hasten the end of the Old Kingdom
c2134 to 2040 Egypt splits into provinces that war with each other. Famine results.
c2040 The Middle Kingdom established by the Theban Mentuhotep
c1800 Book of the Dead appears in tombs. It contains instructions for entering the afterlife and protective spells.
c1652 Following the end of the Middle Kingdom much of Egypt is taken over by Asiatic rulers known as the
Hyksos
c1567 Theban forces complete the expulsion of the Hyksos. Dynasty 18 is established
c1550Last stage of Stonehenge completed.
c1500 The Ebers Papyrus is written recording methods of diagnosis, treatment, spells and recipes for medicines. Earliest metalwork in South America.
c1490 Queen Hatshepsut becomes the only woman to rule Egypt for any length of time
c1469 Tuthmosis 111 becomes king upon the death of
Hatshepsut. His reign sees the greatest extension of Egypt's military power
c1405 Power and prosperity are merged to bring Egyptian
civilization to its apogee under Amenhotep III
c1384In China, writing is well established by this time.
cl367 Amenhotep's son-and successor adopts the name Akhenaten. breaks with the established religion, and sets up a new capital at Amarna
c1350 Brief reign of Tutankhamun. whose tomb survived virtually intact until discovered in 1922
c1305 Seti I. second king of Dynasty 19, partially restores Egypt's position abroad
c1295
c1286 Harnesses II narrowly escapes defeat at the hands of
the Hittites at the battle of Kadesh
c1269 A peace treaty is signed between the Egyptians and
Hittites
c1218 Merenptah defeats an attempted invasion of Egypt by
the Sea Peoples
c1182 Harnesses III successfully defends Egypt against a determined land and sea assault by the Sea Peoples
c1080 The New Kingdom ends. Rule of the country shared by the High Priest of Amun and two royal houses
c945 Kings of Libyan descent establish Dynasty 22
c925 King Sheshonq intervenes in Israel and sacks Jerusalem
776First Olympic Games in Greece.
c715 Seizure of power in Egypt by Nubians
663 Assyrians attack Egypt, sack Thebes, and leave vassal rulers in charge. Egypt enjoys a cultural 'Indian Summer'
650First papyrus arrives in Greece from Egypt.
625First coins struck at Lydia (present day Turkey)
605 Egyptian force defeated by the Babylonians at
Carchemish
600Birth of Lao Tzu the great Chinees philosopher founder of Taoism and author of the Tao Ti Ching (The Way and Its Power)
c563
c551Confucius is born in China.
500The birth of the great general Sun Tzu the author of the Art of War (First treaty on Strategy)
525 to 332 Persian army, under Cambyses. occupies Egypt
Rebellion, Persians are repelled.
Dynasty 30 Last of the Native Egyptian Dynasties.
Dynasty 31 Second Persian Domination.
470The birth of Socrates the great Greek philosopher
c447The Parthenon built in Athens.
428The birth of Plato (the great Greek Philosopher)
384The birth of Aristotle (the great Greek Philosopher)
356The birth of Alexander the Great
332 Alexander the Great defeats the Persians
Ptolemaic Period
332-305 BCMacedonian Rule- Alexander the Great frees Egypt from Persian rule. They declare him Pharaoh. He founds Alexandria which becomes one of the centers of learning and trade in the ancient world.
304-30 BC Ptolemaic Dynasty - Descendants of the Greek general Ptolomy (including Cleopatra) rule, after Alexander's death, but Egyptian Style is preserved. Ptolomaic Egypt had a large empire, at times including parts of Syria, Asia Minor, Cyprus, Lubya, Phonecia, and parts of other lands.
229 BC The library at Alexandria is founded with the mission to collect all the books in the inhabited world.
146 BC The Rosetta stone is cut. It contains writing in ancient Greek, Demotic, and hieroglyphics.
140 BCThe Dead Sea scrolls are written.
36 BCEarliest Mayan monuments.
Roman and Byzantine Period
BC
30 Roman Conquest - Cleopatra VII and Antony are defeated by Augustus Caesar. Major buildings are built in Egyptian style, but Greco-Roman features mix with Egyptian elements. Egypt becomes a source of wealth and grain. Occasional attacks by Ethiopians.
AD
38 First outbreak of violence between Greeks and Jews in Alexandria
42 The library at Alexandria burns. 40,000 of its 70,000 volumes burn.
82The Colosseum completed in Rome.
120Romans build Hadrian's Wall between what is approximately present day England and Scotland.
115 Final struggle between the two races. Jewish popu-lation decimated
172 Revolt of the Boucholoi in the Delta
c180 Catechetical School established at Alexandria
201 Persecution of Christians by Severus - many Egyptians killed
212 All Egyptians are granted Roman Citizenship.
249
270 Palmyran forces invade Egypt and temporarily take
control of Alexandria
c270 St Antony takes up the eremitical life
303 Great persecution of Diocletian begins - heavy toll in Egypt
c320 Pakhome sets up the first cenoebitic community
323 Constantine becomes emperor - triumph of Christianity
325 Council of Nicaea condemns Arianism
431 The First Council of Ephesus (second in 439). The Egyptian Church enjoys a brief triumph in its doc-trinal battle with Constantinople
451 Council of Chalcedon: Monophysitism declared a heresy. The Egyptian Church refuses to accept the decision and is cut off from Orthodox Christendom
570-623 Prophet Mohammed, founder of Islam born.
600-900Mayan civilization reaches its height in Meso-America.
641 The Arab assault on Egypt begins. In the following year the Byzantine forces capitulate and Egypt becomes a Muslim state
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